Biology of Psychopathology and Intervention

Spring 2012 Seminar
January 26 - March 15 (Thursdays, 9:00-10:00 a.m.)


Purpose

To survey the current state of knowledge about the biology of psychopathology with an emphasis on affective neuroscience. Primary realms of psychopathology to be covered include depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Both central and peripheral mechanisms will be covered. Biological perspectives on developmental psychopathology and treatment will also be addressed.

The format of the classes includes lecture material with interactive discussion encouraged.

Requirements for clinical psychology interns and psychiatry residents

One or two readings are listed as required for each week. One or two optional readings from the listed recommended articles are suggested for each week.

Requirements for students registered for Psych 711

One or two readings are listed as required for each week. In addition, two additional readings of your choice from the listed recommended articles are required for each week. A reaction paper on these readings that is no longer than 1 page is due Wednesday at noon prior to each class. Email reaction papers to both instructors.

A final paper will be due on March 15 (Class 8). Prior to March 1 (Class 6) please email both instructors for approval of your paper topic. The final paper should be 10 pages double-spaced and must discuss the central nervous system in relation to a form of psychopathology.

Instructors:

Heather C. Abercrombie
Phone: 263-6126
Email: hcabercr@wisc.edu

Jack B. Nitschke
Phone: 263-6083
Email: jnitschke@wisc.edu


Introductory Material:

Human Brain Coloring Book by Diamond, Scheibel, & Elson
Especially recommended:  Plates 1-1 to 2-8; Plates 5-29 to 5-32; Plates 5-35 to 5-48

The Physiology Coloring Book (2nd Edition) by Kapit, Macey, & Meisami
Especially recommended: Section on Endocrine System

Raichle, M.E. (1994). Visualizing the mind: Strategies of cognitive science and techniques of modern brain imaging open a window to the neural systems responsible for thought. Scientific American, 270, 58-64.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_potentiation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_depression


Required Readings:

January 26 , Class 1: Psychopathology, adaptation to the environment, and neuroplasticity

Please study introductory readings (above) if you are not already well-acqainted with neuroanatomy, physiology, and brain imaging methods.

Excerpts from: Miller, G.A. (2010). Mistreating psychology in the decades of the brain. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 716-743.

Class 1 Recommended Readings

February 2, Class 2: Neuroanatomy of emotion, fear, and anxiety  

Martin, E.I., Ressler, K.J., Binder, E., & Nemeroff, C.B. (2009). The neurobiology of anxiety disorders: Brain imaging, genetics, and psychoneuroendocrinology. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32, 549-575.

Class 2 Recommended Readings

February 9, Class 3: Emerging treatments of anxiety

Norberg, M.M., Krystal, J.H., & Tolin, D.F. (2008). A meta-analysis of D-cycloserine and the facilitation of fear extinction and exposure therapy. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 1118-1126.

Quirk, G.J., Paré, D., Richardson, R., Herry, C., Monfils, M.H., Schiller, D., & Vicentic, A. (2010). Erasing fear memories with extinction training. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 14993-14997.

If you are not familiar with classical conditioning, the following tutorials are required:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_conditioning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_(psychology)

The following paper is not required for today's class, but it is a "required reading" for anyone interested in Therapeutic Learning:
Kandel, E.R. (1998). A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 457-469.

Class 3 Recommended Readings

February 16, Class 4: Neuroanatomy of depression and stress-related cognition

Krishnan, V. & Nestler, E.J. (2008). The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature, 455, 894-902.

Pittenger, C. & Duman, R.S. (2008). Stress, depression, and neuroplasticity: A convergence of mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 33, 88-109.

Class 4 Recommended Readings

February 23, Class 5: Emerging treatments of depression

Please read 2 of the following 3 readings. As always, please read with a critical eye.

Hertel, P.T. & Mathews, A. (2011). Cognitive bias modification: Past perspectives, current findings, and future applications. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 521-536.

Li, X., Frye, M.A., & Shelton, R.C. (2012). Review of pharmacological treatment in mood disorders and future directions for drug development. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 37, 77-101.

Karpova, N.N., Pickenhagen, A., Lindholm, J., Tiraboschi, E., Kulesskaya, N., Ágústsdóttir, A., Antila, H., Popova, D., Akamine, Y., Sullivan, R., Hen, R., Drew, L.J., & Castrén, E. (2011). Fear erasure in mice requires synergy between antidepressant drugs and extinction training. Science, 334, 1731-1734.

Also, if you have not read the Kandel (1998) paper listed for Class 3, we highly recommend this paper.

Class 5 Recommended Readings

March 1, Class 6: Developmental psychopathology

Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J.N. (2008). Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 947-957.

Class 6 Recommended Readings

March 8, Class 7: Biological perspectives on schizophrenia (Fabio Ferrarelli: guest lecturer)

Ferrarelli, F., Peterson, M.J., Sarasso, S., Riedner, B.A., Murphy, M.J., Benca, R.M., Bria, P., Kalin, N.H., & Tononi, G. (2010). Thalamic dysfunction in schizophrenia suggested by whole-night deficits in slow and fast spindles. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 1339-1348.

Tandon, R., Keshavan, M.S., & Nasrallah, H.A. (2008). Schizophrenia, "just the facts": What we know in 2008. Part 1: Overview. Schizophrenia Research, 100, 4-19.

Class 7 Recommended Readings

March 15, Class 8: Synthesis and review

Reaction paper assignment

How can what's been covered in this course be applied to clinical work?
Please write at least 1 paragraph but no more than 1 page on this topic.  This needs to be emailed to both course instructors by noon on Wednesday, March 14.  In addition, please bring a hard copy of what you write to Thursday's class.

Class 8 Recommended Readings

 

Recommended Readings:

January 26, Class 1: Psychopathology, adaptation to the environment, and neuroplasticity (recommended readings)

Neuroplasticity: Key readings:

Citri, A. & Malenka, R.C. (2008). Synaptic plasticity: Multiple forms, functions, and mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 18-41.

Holloway, M. (2003). The mutable brain. Scientific American, 289, 78-85.

Pittenger, C. & Duman, R.S. (2008). Stress, depression, and neuroplasticity: A convergence of mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 33, 88-109.

Joëls, M. & Krugers, H.J. (2007). LTP after stress: Up or down? Neural Plasticity.

Tononi G. & Cirelli C. (2006). Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10, 49-62.

Nonreductionistic viewpoints:

Miller, G.A. (2010). Mistreating psychology in the decades of the brain. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 716-743.

Marshall, P.J. (2009). Relating psychology and neuroscience: Taking up the challenges. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 113-125.

Weiss, P.A. (1967). One plus one does not equal two. In: G.C. Quarton, T. Melnechuk, & F.O. Schmitt (Eds.), The Neurosciences: A Study Program (pp. 801-821). New York: Rockefeller University Press.

Kosslyn, S.M., Cacioppo, J.T., Davidson, R.J., Hugdahl, K., Lovallo, W.R., Spiegel, D., & Rose, R. (2002). Bridging psychology and biology: The analysis of individuals in groups. American Psychologist, 57, 341-351.

Davidson, R.J. (1997). The proper role of psychology in psychopathology research: Four noble truths. Psychopathology Research, 8, 1-9.

Wager, T.D. (2006). Do we need to study the brain to understand the mind? APS Observer, 19.

Examples of reductionistic viewpoint:

Hyman, S.E. (2003). Diagnosing disorders. Scientific American, 289, 96-103.

Hyman, S.E. (2007). Can neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 725-732.

Class 1 Required Readings

February 2, Class 2: Neuranatomy of emotion, fear, and anxiety (recommended readings)

Functional neuroanatomy:

Dalgleish, T. (2004). The emotional brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 582-589.

Davidson, R.J., Jackson, D.C., & Kalin, N.H. (2000). Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 890-909.

Davis, M., & Whalen, P.J. (2001). The amygdala: Vigilance and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry, 6, 13-34.

Nitschke, J.B., Sarinopoulos, I., Mackiewicz, K.L., Schaefer, H.S., & Davidson, R.J. (2006). Functional neuroanatomy of aversion and its anticipation. NeuroImage, 29, 106-116.

Rolls, E.T. (2004) The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex. Brain & Cognition, 55, 11-29.

Gusnard, D.A. & Raichle, M.E. (2001). Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 685-94.

Davidson, R.J. (2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist, 55, 1196-1214.

Davidson, R.J., & Irwin, W. (1999). The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style. Trends in Cognitive Science, 3, 11-21.

Miller, G. (2008). Growing pains for fMRI. Science, 320,1412-1414.

Begley, S. (2009, February 9). Of voodoo and the brain: Patterns of neural activity and thoughts or feelings are not as tightly linked as scientists have claimed. Newsweek.

Damasio, A.R. (2003). Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain. New York: Harcourt.

Damasio, A.R. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Damasio, A.R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Avon.

LeDoux, J.E. (1996). The emotional brain. New York: Simon and Schuster.

LeDoux, J.E. (2002). Synaptic self: How our brains become who we are. New York: Viking.

Rolls, E.T. (1999). The brain and emotion. New York: Oxford University Press.

Neuroanatomy of anxiety:

Mahan, A.L. & Ressler, K.J. (2012). Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala: Implications for posttraumatic stress disorder. Trends in Neurosciences, 35, 24-35.

Milad, M.R. & Rauch, S.L. (2012). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 43-51.

Etkin, A. & Wager, T.D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1476-1488.

Nitschke, J.B., Sarinopoulos, I., Oathes, D.J., Johnstone, T., Whalen, P.J., Davidson, R.J., & Kalin, N.H. (2009). Anticipatory activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in generalized anxiety disorder and prediction of treatment response. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 302-310.

Goldin, P.R., Manber, T., Hakimi, S., Canli, T., & Gross, J.J. (2009). Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 170-180.

Davis, M., Walker, D.L., Miles, L., & Grillon, C. (2010). Phasic vs sustained fear in rats and humans: Role of the extended amygdala in fear vs anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 35, 105-135.

Davis, M. (1998). Are different parts of the extended amygdala involved in fear versus anxiety? Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1239-1247.

Karl, A., Schaefer, M., Malta, L.S., Dörfel, D., Rohleder, N., & Werner, A. (2006). A meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 1004-1031.

Nitschke, J.B., & Heller, W. (2005). Distinguishing neural substrates of heterogeneity among anxiety disorders. International Review of Neurobiology, 67, 1-42.

Bakshi, V.P. & Kalin, N.H. (2000). Corticotropin-releasing hormone and animal models of anxiety: Gene-environment interactions. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 1175-1198.

Charney, D.S., Grillon, C.G., & Bremner, J.D. (1998). The neurobiological basis of anxiety and fear: Circuits, mechanisms, and neurochemical interactions (Part 1). Neuroscientist, 4, 35-44.

Charney, D.S., Grillon, C.G., & Bremner, J.D. (1998) The neurobiological basis of anxiety and fear: Circuits, mechanisms, and neurochemical interactions (Part 2). Neuroscientist, 4, 122-132.

Rauch, S.L., Savage, C.R., Alpert, N.M., Fischman, A.J., & Jenike, M.A. (1997). The functional neuroanatomy of anxiety: A study of three disorders using positron emission tomography and symptom provocation. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 446-452.

LeDoux, J. (1998). Fear and the brain: Where have we been, and where are we going? Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1229-1238.

Kalin, N.H., Shelton, S.E., Rickman, M., & Davidson, R.J. (1998). Individual differences in freezing and cortisol in infant and rhesus monkeys. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112, 286-292.

Kalin, N.H., Shelton, S.E., & Davidson, R.J. (2000). Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone levels are elevated in monkeys with patterns of brain activity associated with fearful temperament. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 579-585.

Kalin, N.H., Shelton, S.E., Davidson, R.J., & Kelley, A.E. (2001). The primate amygdala mediates acute fear but not behavioral and physiological components of anxious temperament. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 2067-2074.

Grillon, C.G. (2002). Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: Aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 958-975.

HPA dysregulation in anxiety:

Yehuda, R. & LeDoux, J. (2007). Response variation following trauma: A translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD. Neuron, 56, 19-32.

Yehuda, R. (2006). Advances in understanding neuroendocrine alterations in PTSD and their
therapeutic implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1071, 137-166.

Abelson, J.L., Khan, S., Liberzon, I., & Young, E.A. (2007). HPA axis activity in patients with panic disorder: review and synthesis of four studies. Depress Anxiety, 24, 66-76.

Acute cortisol and heart rate response to trauma may predict the development of PTSD symptoms:

Yehuda, R., McFarlane, A.C., & Shalev, A.Y. (1998). Predicting the development of posttraumatic stress disorder from the acute response to a traumatic event. Biol Psychiatry, 44, 1305-1313.

McFarlane, A.C., Atchison, M., & Yehuda, R. (1997). The acute stress response following motor vehicle accidents and its relation to PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 821, 437-441.

Zatzick, D.F., Russo, J., Pitman, R.K., Rivara, F., Jurkovich, G., & Roy-Byrne, P. (2005). Reevaluating the association between emergency department heart rate and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: A public health approach. Biol Psychiatry, 57, 91-95.

Class 2 Required Readings

February 9, Class 3: Emerging treatments of anxiety

Extinction of fear learning:

Myers, K.M., & Davis, M. (2002). Behavioral and neural analysis of extinction. Neuron, 36, 567-584.

Milad, M.R., & Quirk, G.J. (2002). Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature, 420, 70-74.

Krystal, J.H. (Ed.). (2006). Biological Psychiatry (Vol. 60, Issue 4). New York: Plenum. [Special Issue]

D-cycloserine enhancement of exposure therapy:

Norberg, M.M., Krystal, J.H., & Tolin, D.F. (2008). A meta-analysis of D-cycloserine and the facilitation of fear extinction and exposure therapy. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 1118-1126.

Otto, M.W., Tolin, D.F., Simon, N.M., Pearlson, G.D., Basden, S., Meunier, S.A., Hofmann, S.G., Eisenmenger, K., Krystal, J.H., & Pollack, M.H. (2010). Efficacy of D-cycloserine for enhancing response to cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 365-370.

Davis, M., Ressler, K., Rothbaum, B.O., & Richardson, R. (2006). Effects of D-cycloserine on extinction: Translation from preclinical to clinical work. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 369-375.

Davis, M., Myers, K.M., Ressler, K.J., & Rothbaum, B.O. (2005). Facilitation of extinction of conditioned fear by D-cycloserine: Implications for psychotherapy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 214-219.

Rothbaum, B.O. (2008). Critical parameters for D-cycloserine enhancement of cognitive-behaviorial therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 293-296.

Shim, S.S., Hammonds, M.D., & Vrabel, M.M. (2008). D-cycloserine augmentation for behavioral therapy. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1050.

Kalisch, R., Holt, B., Petrovic, P., De Martino, B., Klöppel, S., Büchel, C., & Dolan, R.J. (2009). The NMDA agonist d-cycloserine facilitates fear memory consolidation in humans. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 187-196.

Wilhelm, S., Buhlmann, U., Tolin, D.F., Meunier, S.A., Pearlson, G.D., Reese, H.E., Cannistraro, P., Jenike, M.A., & Rauch, S.L. (2008). Augmentation of behavior therapy with d-cycloserine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 335-341.

Kushner, M.G., Kim, S.W., Donahue, C., Thuras, P., Adson, D., Kotlyar, M., McCabe, J., Peterson, J., & Foa, E.B. (2007). D-cycloserine augmented exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 835-838.

Guastella, A.J., Dadds, M.R., Lovibond, P.F., Mitchell, P., & Richardson, R. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of the effect of d-cycloserine on exposure therapy for spider fear. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41, 466-471.

Guastella, A.J., Lovibond, P.F., Dadds, M.R., Mitchell, P., & Richardson, R. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of the effect of d-cycloserine on extinction and fear conditioning in humans. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 663-672.

Hofmann, S.G., Meuret, A.E., Smits, J.A.J., Simon, N.M., Pollack, M.H., Eisenmenger, K., Shiekh, M., & Otto, M.W. (2006). Augmentation of exposure therapy with D-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 298-304.

Hofmann, S.G., Pollack, M.H., & Otto, M.W. (2006). Augmentation treatment of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders with D-cycloserine. CNS Drug Reviews, 12, 208-217.

Ressler, K.J., Rothbaum, B.O., Tannenbaum, L., Anderson, P., Graap, K., Zimand, E., Hodges, L., & Davis, M. (2004). Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: Use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1136-1144.

Benzodiazapines interfere with effectiveness of exposure therapy:

Wilhelm, F.H. & Roth, W.T. (1997). Acute and delayed effects of alprazolam on flight phobics during exposure. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 831-841.

Memory reconsolidation and "erasing" fear memories (the combined reconsolidation/extinction technique):

Quirk, G.J., Paré, D., Richardson, R., Herry, C., Monfils, M.H., Schiller, D., & Vicentic, A. (2010). Erasing fear memories with extinction training. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 14993-14997.

Monfils, M.-H., Cowansage, K.K., Klann, E., & LeDoux, J.E. (2009). Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: Key to persistent attenuation of fear memories. Science, 324, 951-955.

Schiller, D., Monfils, M.-H., Raio, C.M., Johnson, D.C., LeDoux, J.E., & Phelps, E.A. (2010). Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms. Nature, 463, 49-53.

Karpova, N.N., Pickenhagen, A., Lindholm, J., Tiraboschi, E., Kulesskaya, N., Ágústsdóttir, A., Antila, H., Popova, D., Akamine, Y., Sullivan, R., Hen, R., Drew, L.J., & Castrén, E. (2011). Fear erasure in mice requires synergy between antidepressant drugs and extinction training. Science, 334, 1731-1734.

Kindt, M., Soeter, M., & Vervliet, B. (2009). Beyond extinction: Erasing human fear responses and preventing the return of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 256-258. [Supplementary Figures and Legends]

Han, J.H., Kushner, S.A., Yiu, A.P., Hsiang, H.L., Buch, T., Waisman, A., Bontempi, B., Neve, R.L., Frankland, P.W., & Josselyn, S.A. (2009). Selective erasure of a fear memory. Science, 323, 1492-1496.

Forcato, C., Burgos, V.L., Argibay, P.F., Molina, V.A., Pedreira, M.E., & Maldonado, H. (2007). Reconsolidation of declarative memory in humans. Learning & Memory, 14, 295-303.

Emerging pharmacological treatments for anxiety:

Garakani, A., Mathew, S.J., & Charney, D.S. (2006). Neurobiology of anxiety disorders and implications for treatment. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 73, 941-949.

de Quervain, D.J. & Margraf, J. (2008). Glucocorticoids for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and phobias: A novel therapeutic approach. Eur J Pharmacol, 583, 365-371.

de Quervain, D.J. (2008). Glucocorticoid-induced reduction of traumatic memories: implications for the treatment of PTSD. Prog Brain Res, 167, 239-247.

Holsboer, F. & Ising, M. (2008). Central CRH system in depression and anxiety--evidence from clinical studies with CRH1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol, 583, 350-357.

Ising, M. & Holsboer, F. (2007). CRH-sub-1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 15, 519-528.

Aerni, A., Traber, R., Hock, C., Roozendaal, B., Schelling, G., Papassotiropoulos, A., Nitsch, R.M., Schnyder, U., & de Quervain, D.J.-F. (2004). Low-dose cortisol for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1488-1490.

Mathew, S.J., Vythilingam, M., Murrough, J.W., Zarate, C.A., Jr., Feder, A., Luckenbaugh, D.A., Kinkead, B., Parides, M.K., Trist. D.G., Bani, M.S., Bettica, P.U., Ratti, E.M., & Charney, D.S. (2011). A selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist in chronic PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 221-229.

Pitman, R.K. & Delahanty, D.L. (2005). Conceptually driven pharmacologic approaches to acute trauma. CNS Spectrums, 10, 99-106.

Raskind, M.A., Peskind, E.R., Hoff, D.J., Hart, K.L., Holmes, H.A., Warren, D., Shofer, J., O'Connell, J., Taylor, F., Gross, C., Rohde, K., & McFall, M.E. (2006). A parallel group placebo controlled study of prazosin for trauma nightmares and sleep disturbance in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry.

Taylor, F.B., Lowe, K., Thompson, C., McFall, M.M., Peskind, E.R., Kanter, E.D., Allison, N., Williams, J., Martin, P., & Raskind, M.A. (2006). Daytime prazosin reduces psychological distress to trauma specific cues in civilian trauma posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 577-581.

Class 3 Required Readings

February 16, Class 4: Neuroanatomy of depression and stress-related cognition (recommended readings)

Depression and neural circuitry supporting self-focused emotions in depression:

Berman, M.G., Peltier, S., Nee, D.E., Kross, E., Deldin, P.J., & Jonides, J. (2011). Depression, rumination and the default network. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 548-555.

Slavich, G.M., O'Donovan, A., Epel, E.S., Kemeny, M.E. (2010). Black sheep get the blues: A psychobiological model of social rejection and depression. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 39-45.

Sheline, Y.I., Barch, D.M., Price, J.L., Rundle, M.M., Vaishnavi, S.N., Snyder, A.Z., Mintun, M.A., Wang, S., Coalson, R.S., & Raichle, M.E. (2009). The default mode network and self-referential processes in depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 1942-1947.

Greicius, M.D., Flores, B.H., Menon, V., Glover, G.H., Solvason, H.B., Kenna, H., Reiss, A.L., & Schatzberg, A.F. (2007). Resting-state functional connectivity in major depression: Abnormally increased contributions from subgenual cingulate cortex and thalamus. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 429-437.

Buckner, R.L., Andrews-Hanna, J.R., & Schacter, D.L. (2008). The brain's default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 1-38.

Prefrontal-amygdala connectivity:

Ghashghaei, H.T., Hilgetag, C.C., & Barbas, H. (2007). Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the anatomic dialogue between prefrontal cortex and amygdala. NeuroImage, 34, 905-923.

Milad, M.R. & Rauch, S.L. (2007). The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in anxiety disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1121, 546-561.

Frodl, T., Bokde, A.L.W., Scheuerecker, J., Lisiecka, D., Schoepf, V., Hampel, H., Möller, H.-J., Brückmann, H., Wiesmann, M., & Meisenzahl, E. (2010). Functional connectivity bias of the orbitofrontal cortex in drug-free patients with major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 161-167.

Loosening of regulatory control of PFC over subcortical circuitry in depression:

Siegle, G.J., Thompson, W., Carter, C.S., Steinhauer, S.R., & Thase, M.E. (2007). Increased amygdala and decreased dorsolateral prefrontal BOLD responses in unipolar depression: Related and independent features. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 198-209.

Anand, A., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, J., Gao, S., Bukhari, L., Mathews, V.P., Kalnin, A., & Lowe, M.J. (2005). Activity and connectivity of brain mood regulating circuit in depression: A functional magnetic resonance study. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1079-1088.

Etkin, A. & Schatzberg, A.F. (2011). Common abnormalities and disorder-specific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 968-978.

Johnstone, T., van Reekum, C.M., Urry, H.L., Kalin, N.H., & Davidson, R.J. (2007). Failure to regulate: Counterproductive recruitment of top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in major depression. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8877-8884.

Price, J.L. & Drevets, W.C. (2010). Neurocircuitry of mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 35, 192-216.

Price, J.L. & Drevets, W.C. (2012). Neural circuits underlying the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 61-71.

Stress, stress hormones, and plasticity of PFC-amygdala connectivity:

Maroun, M. (2006). Stress reverses plasticity in the pathway projecting from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the basolateral amygdala. European Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 2917-2922.

Roozendaal, B., McReynolds, J.R., Van der Zee, E.A., Lee, S., McGaugh, J.L., & McIntyre, C.K. (2009). Glucocorticoid effects on memory consolidation depend on functional interactions between the medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 14299-14308.

Urry, H.L., van Reekum, C.M., Johnstone, T., Kalin, N.H., Thurow, M.E., Schaefer, H.S., Jackson, C.A., Frye, C.J., Greischar, L.L., Alexander, A.L., & Davidson, R.J. (2006). Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 4415-4425.

Shansky, R.M. & Morrison, J.H. (2009). Stress-induced dendritic remodeling in the medial prefrontal cortex: Effects of circuit, hormones, and rest. Brain Research, 1293, 108-113.

Shansky, R.M., Hamo, C., Hof, P.R., McEwen, B.S., & Morrison, J.H. (2009). Stress-induced dendritic remodeling in the prefrontal cortex is circuit specific. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2479-2484.

Learning and amygdala-hippocampal connectivity:

Hamilton, J.P. & Gotlib, I.H. (2008). Neural substrates of increased memory sensitivity for negative stimuli in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 1155-1162.

Roozendaal, B., Okuda, S., de Quervain, D.J.-F., & McGaugh, J.L. (2006). Glucocorticoids interact with emotion-induced noradrenergic activation in influencing different memory functions. Neuroscience, 138, 901-910.

Neuroplasticity and depression:

Jacobs, B.L. (2004). Depression. The brain finally gets into the act. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 103-106.

Duman, R.S. (2004). Depression: A case of neuronal life and death? Biological Psychiatry, 56, 140-145.

Henn, F.A. & Vollmayr, B. (2004) Neurogenesis and depression: Etiology or epiphenomenon? Biological Psychiatry, 56, 146-150.

Sapolsky, R.M. (2004). Is impaired neurogenesis relevant to the affective symptoms of depression? Biological Psychiatry, 56, 137-139.

Eisch, A.J., Cemeron, H.A., Encinas, J.M, Meltzer, L.A., Ming, G.-L., & Overstreet-Wadiche, L.S. (2008). Adult neurogenesis, mental health, and mental illness: Hope or hype? Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 11785-11791.

Manganas, L.N., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Hazel, R.D., Smith, S.D., Wagshul, M.E., Henn, F., Benveniste, H., Djurić, P.M., Enikolopov, G., & Maletić-Savatić, M. (2007). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy identifies neural progenitor cells in the live human brain. Science, 318, 980-985.

Stern, A.J., Savostyanova, A.A., Goldman, A., Barnett, A.S., van der Veen, J.W., Callicott, J.H., Mattay, V.S., Weinberger, D.R., & Merenco, S. (2008). Impact of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism on levels of hippocampal N-acetyl-aspartate assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging at 3 Tesla. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 856-862.

Brunoni, A.R., Lopes, M., & Fregni, F. (2008). A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: Implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 11, 1169-1180.

Hippocampus, stress-related cognition, and depression:

MacQueen, G.M., Campbell, S., McEwen, B.S., MacDonald, K., Amano, S., Joffe, R.T., Nahmias, C., & Young, L.T. (2003). Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1000, 1387-1392.

Abercrombie, H.C., Jahn, A.L., Davidson, R.J., Kern, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Halverson, J. (2011). Cortisol's effects on hippocampal activation in depressed patients are related to alterations in memory formation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 15-23.

Champagne, D.L., Bagot, R.C., van Hasselt, F., Ramakers, G., Meaney, M.J., de Kloet, E.R., Joëls, M., & Krugers, H. (2008). Maternal care and hippocampal plasticity: Evidence for experience-dependent structural plasticity, altered synaptic functioning, and differential responsiveness to glucocorticoids and stress. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 6037-6045.

McEwen, B.S. (2000). Effects of adverse experience for brain structure and function. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 721-731.

Videbech, P. & Ravnkilde, B. (2004). Hippocampal volume and depression: A meta-analysis of MRI studies. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1957-1966.

Sapolsky, R.M. (2002). Chickens, eggs, and hippocampal atrophy. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 1111-1113.

MacQueen, G.M., Campbell, S., McEwen, B.S., MacDonald, K., Amano, S., Joffe, R.T., Nahmias, C., & Young, L.T. (2003). Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1000, 1387-1392.

Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Anderson, G.M., Luckenbaugh, D., Anderson, E.R., Snow, J., Staib, L.H., Charney, D.S., & Bremner, J.D. (2004). Hippocampal volume, memory, and cortisol status in major depressive disorder: Effects of treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 101-112.

Lyons, D.M., Parker, K.J., Zeiter, J.M., Buckmaster, C.L., & Schatzberg, A.F. (2007). Preliminary evidence that hippocampal volumes in monkeys predict stress levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 1171-1174.

Vythilingam, M., Heim, C., Newport, J., Miller, A.H., Anderson, E., Bronen, R., Brummer, M., Staib, L., Vermetten, E., Charney, D.S., Nemeroff, C.B., & Bremner, J.D. (2002). Childhood trauma associated with smaller hippocampal volume in women with major depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 2072-2080.

Gould, E. & Tanapat, P. (1999). Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1472-1479.

HPA dysregulation in depression:

Stetler, C. & Miller, G.E. (2011). Depression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation: A quantitative summary of four decades of research. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 114-126.

Vreeburg, S.A., Hoogendijk, W.J.G., van Pelt, J., DeRijk, R.H., Verhagen, J.C.M., van Dyck, R., Smit, J.H., Zitman, F.G., & Penninx, B.W.J.H. (2009). Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: Results from a large cohort study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 617-626.

Abercrombie, H.C. (2009). Depression and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal alterations. In R.E. Ingram (Ed.) International Encyclopedia of Depression.

Gold PW, Chrousos GP.Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE states.
Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7(3):254-75.

Holsboer, F. (2001). Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: Implications for therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 62, 77-91.

Gold, P.W., Drevets, W.C., & Charney, D.S. (2002). New insights into the role of cortisol and the glucocorticoid receptor in severe depression. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 381-385.

de Kloet, E.R., DeRijk, R.H., & Meijer, O.C. (2007). Therapy insight: Is there an imbalanced response of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in depression? Nature Clinical Practice: Endocrinology & Metabolism, 3, 168-179.

Heim, C., Mletzko, T., Purselle, D., Musselman, D.L., & Nemeroff, C.B. (2008). The dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing factor test in men with major depression: Role of childhood trauma. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 398-405.

Young, E.A., Haskett, R.F., Murphy-Weinberg, V., Watson, S.J., & Akil, H. (1991). Loss of glucocorticoid fast feedback in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 693-699.

Ising, M., Kunzel, H.E., Binder, E.B., Nickel, T., Modell, S., & Holsboer, F. (2005). The combined dexamethasone/CRH test as a potential surrogate marker in depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 29, 1085-1093.

Gold, P.W., Drevets, W.C., & Charney, D.S. (2002). New insights into the role of cortisol and the glucocorticoid receptor in severe depression. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 381-385.

Reul, J., & Holsboer, F. (2002). Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors 1 and 2 anxiety and depression. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 2, 23-33.

Drevets, W.C., Price, J.L., Bardgett, M.E., Reich, T., Todd, R.D., & Raichle, M.E. (2002). Glucose metabolism in the amygdala in depression: relationship to diagnostic subtype and plasma cortisol levels. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 71, 431-447.

Insufficient cortisol signaling in depression:

Rohleder, N., Wolf, J.M., Wolf, O.T. (2010). Glucocorticoid sensitivity of cognitive and inflammatory processes in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 104-114.

Raison, C.L. & Miller, A.H. (2003). When not enough is too much: The role of insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1554-65.

Pariante, C.M. & Lightman, S.L. (2008). The HPA axis in major depression: Classical theories and new developments. Trends in Neurosciences, 31, 464-468.

Pariante, C.M. (2003). Depression, stress and the adrenal axis. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 15, 811-812.

Pariante, C.M., & Miller, A.H. (2002). Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: Relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 391-404.

Young, E.A., Lopez, J.F., Murphy-Weinberg, V., Watson, S. J., & Akil, H. (2003). Mineralocorticoid receptor function in major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 24-28.

Early environment and stress sensitivity in adulthood: Vulnerability and resilience:

Weaver, I.C.G., Diorio, J., Seckl, J.R., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M.J. (2004). Early environmental regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: Characterization of intracellular mediators and potential genomic target sites. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1024, 182-212.

Kaffman, A. & Meaney, M.J. (2007). Neurodevelopmental sequelae of postnatal maternal care in rodents: Clinical and research implications of molecular insights. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 224-244.

Lyons, D.M. & Parker, K.J. (2007). Stress inoculation-induced indications of resilience in monkeys. J Trauma Stress, 20, 423-433.

Parker, K.J., Buckmaster, C.L., Sundlass, K., Schatzberg, A.F., & Lyons, D.M. (2006). Maternal mediation, stress inoculation, and the development of neuroendocrine stress resistance in primates. PNAS, 103, 3000-3005.

Inflammation and depression:

Lucassen, P.J., Meerlo, P., Naylor, A.S., van Dam, A.M., Dayer, A.G., Fuchs, E., Oomen, C.A., & Czéh, B. (2010). Regulation of adult neurogenesis by stress, sleep disruption, exercise and inflammation: Implications for depression and antidepressant action. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 20, 1-17.

Raison, C.L. & Miller, A.H. (2011). Is depression an inflammatory disorder? Current Psychiatry Reports, 13, 467-475.

Dowlati, Y., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., Liu, H., Sham, L., Reim, E.K., & Lanctôt, K.L. (2010). A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 446-457.

Howren, M.B., Lamkin, D.M., & Suls, J. (2009). Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 171-186.

Zorilla, E.P., Luborsky, L., McKay, J.R., Rosenthal, R., Houldin, A., Tax, A., McCorkle, R., Seligman, D.A., & Schmidt, K. (2001). The relationship of depression and stressors to immunological assays: A meta-analytic review. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 15, 199-226.

Also see the Raison & Miller 2003 article above for integration of HPA dynamics and immunity in stress-related pathology.

Class 4 Required Readings

February 23, Class 5: Emerging treatments of depression (recommended readings)

Cognitive perspectives:

Rosier, J.P., Elliott, R., & Sahakian, B.J. (2012). Cognitive mechanisms of treatment in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 37, 117-136.

Disner, S.G., Beevers, C.G., Haigh, E.A.P., & Beck, A.T. (2011). Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 467-477.

Watkins, E.R., Baeyens, C.B., & Read, R. (2009). Concreteness training reduces dysphoria: Proof-of-principle for repeated cognitive bias modification in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 55-64.

Raes, F., Williams, J.M.G., & Hermans, D. (2009). Reducing cognitive vulnerability to depression: A preliminary investigation of MEmory Specificity Training (MEST) in inpatients with depressive symptomatology. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 24-38.

Siegle, G.J., Ghinassi, F., & Thase, M.E. (2007). Neurobehavioral therapies in the 21st century: Summary of an emerging field and an extended example of cognitive control training for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 235-262.

Joormann, J., Hertel, P.T., LeMoult, J., & Gotlib, I.H. (2009). Training forgetting of negative material in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 34-43.

Neuroimaging studies of changes in neural functioning with treatment for depression:

Ritchey, M., Dolcos, F., Eddington, K.M., Strauman, T.J., & Cabeza, R. (2011). Neural correlates of emtional processing in depression: Changes with cognitive behavioral therapy and predictors of treatment response. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 577-587.

McCabe, C. & Mishor, Z. (2011). Antidepressant medications reduce subcortical-cortical resting-state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers. NeuroImage, 57, 1317-1323.

Anand, A., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Gardner, K., & Lowe, M.J. (2007). Reciprocal effects of antidepressant treatment on activity and connectivity of the mood regulating circuit: An fMRI study. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 19, 274-282.

Anand, A., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, J., Gao, S., Bukhari, L., Mathews, V.P., Kalnin, A., & Lowe, M.J. (2005). Antidepressant effect on connectivity of the mood-regulating circuit: An fMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 1334-1344.

Seminowicz, D.A., Mayberg, H.S., McIntosh, A.R., Goldapple, K., Kennedy, S., Segal, Z., & Rafi-Tari, S. (2004). Limbic-frontal circuitry in major depression: A path modeling metanalysis. NeuroImage, 22, 409-418.

Roffman, J.L., Marci, C.D., Glick, D.M., Dougherty, D.D., & Rauch, S.L. (2005). Neuroimaging and the functional neuroanatomy of psychotherapy. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1385-1398.

Goldapple, K., Segal, Z., Garson, C., Lau, M., Bieling, P., Kennedy, S., & Mayberg, H. (2004). Modulation of cortical-limbic pathways in major depression: Treatment-specific effects of cognitive behavior therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 34-41.

Brody, A.L., Saxena, S., Stoessel, P., Gillies, L.A., Fairbanks, L.A., Alborzian, S., Phelps, N.E., Huang, S., Wu, H., Ho, M.L., Ho, M.K., Au, S.C., Maidment, K., & Baxter, L.R. (2001). Regional brain metabolic changes in patients with major depression treated with either paroxetine or interpersonal therapy: Preliminary findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 159, 728-737.

For review see the following (from Class 1):
Miller, G.A. (2010). Mistreating psychology in the decades of the brain. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 716-743.

Neuroplasticity and depression:

Kasper, S. & McEwen B.S. (2008). Neurobiological and clinical effects of the antidepressant tianeptine. CNS Drugs, 22, 15-26.

Bessa, J.M., Ferreira, D., Melo, I., Marques, F., Cerqueira, J.J., Palha, J.A., Almeida, O.F.X., & Sousa, N. (2009). The mood-improving actions of antidepressants do not depend on neurogenesis but are associated with neuronal remodeling. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 764-773.

Christoffel, D.J., Golden, S.A., & Russo, S.J. (2011). Structural and synaptic plasticity in stress-related disorders. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 22, 535-549.

Duman, R.S. (2009). Neuronal damage and protection in the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric illness: Stress and depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 239-255.

Kheirbek, M.A. & Hen, R. (2011). Dorsal vs ventral hippocampal neurogenesis: Implications for cognition and mood. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 373-374.

Behavior-induced structural brain changes:

Draganski, B., Gaser, C. Busch, V. Schuierer, G. Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427, 311-312.

Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Kempermann, G., Kuhn, H.G., Winkler, J., Büchel, C., & May, A. (2006). Temporal and spatial dynamics of brain structure changes during extensive learning. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6314-6317.

Driemeyer, J., Boyke, J., Gaser, C., Büchel, C., & May, A. (2008). Changes in gray matter induced by learning - revisited. PLoS ONE, 3, e2669.

Colcombe, S.J., Erickson, K.I., Scalf, P.E., Kim, J.S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., Elavsky, S., Marquez, D.X., Hu, L., & Kramer, A.F. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 61A, 1166-1170.

Ilg, R., Wohlschläger, A.M., Gaser, C., Liebau, Y., Dauner, R., Wöller, A., Zimmer, C., Zihl, J., & Mühlau, M. (2008). Gray matter increase induced by practice correlates with task-specific activation: A combined functional and morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 4210-4215.

May, A., Hajak, G., Gäenßbauer, S., Steffens, T., Langguth, B., Kleinjung, T., & Eichhammer, P. (2007). Structural brain alterations following 5 days of intervention: Dynamic aspects of neuroplasticity. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 205-210.

Hölzel, B.K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yerramsetti, S.M., Gard, T., & Lazar, S.W. (2011). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 191, 36-43.

Rapidly acting pharmacological antidepressants and synaptic plasticity:

Murrough, J.W. (2012). Ketamine as a novel antidepressant: From synapse to behavior. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 91, 303-309.

Duman, R.S., Li, N., Liu, R.J., Duric, V., & Aghajanian, G. (2012). Signaling pathways underlying the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine. Neuropharmacology, 62, 35-41.

Mathew, S.J., Manji, H.K., & Charney, D.S. (2008). Novel drugs and therapeutic targets for severe mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 2080-2092.

Zarate, C., Machado-Vieira, R., Henter, I., Ibrahim, L., Diazgranados, N., & Salvadore, G. (2010). Glutamatergic modulators: The future of treating mood disorders? Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 18, 293-303.

Drevets., W.C. & Furey, M.L. (2010). Replication of scopolamine's antidepressant efficacy in major depressive disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 432-438.

Furey, M.L., Khanna, A., Hoffman, E.M., & Drevets, W.C. (2010). Scopolamine produces larger antidepressant and antianxiety effects in women than in men. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 2479-2488.

Mathew, S.J., Murrough, J.W., aan het Rot, M., Collins, K.A., Reich, D.L., & Charney, D.S. (2010). Riluzole for relapse prevention following intravenous ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: A pilot randomized, placebo-controlled continuation trial. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 13, 71-82.

Krystal, J.H. (2010). N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonists and the promise of rapid-acting antidepressants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1110-1111.

Other emerging pharmacological treatments for depression:

Overview: Rakofsky, J.J., Holtzheimer, P.E., & Nemeroff, C.B. (2009). Emerging targets for antidepressant therapies. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 13, 291-302.

Schatzberg, A.F. & Lindley, S. (2008). Glucocorticoid antagonists in neuropsychotic disorders. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583, 358-364.

Otte, C., Hinkelmann, K., Moritz, S., Yassouridis, A., Jahn, H., Wiedemann, K., & Kellner, M. (2010). Modulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor as add-on treatment in depression: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44, 339-346.

Holsboer, F. & Ising, M. (2008). Central CRH system in depression and anxiety--evidence from clinical studies with CRH1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol, 583, 350-357.

Ising, M. & Holsboer, F. (2007). CRH-sub-1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 15, 519-528.

Binneman, B., Feltner, D., Kolluri, S., Shi, Y., Qiu, R., & Stiger, T. (2008). A 6-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial of CP-316,311 (a selective CRH1 antagonist) in the treatment of major depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 617-620. (negative findings)

Bodo, C. (2010). Affective disorders: A faster way to happiness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 152.

Chen, G., Twyman, R., & Manji, H.K. (2010). p11 and gene therapy for severe psychiatric disorders: A practical goal? Science Translational Medicine, 54, 54ps51.

Segal, Z.V., Bieling, P., Young, T., MacQueen, G., Cooke, R., Martin, L., Bloch, R., & Levitan, R.D. (2010). Antidepressant monotherapy vs sequential pharmacotherapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, or placebo, for relapse prophylaxis in recurrent depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1256-1264.

Yanpallewar, S.U., Fernandes, K., Marathe, S.V., Vadodaria, K.C., Jhaveri, D., Rommelfanger, K., Ladiwala, U., Jha, S., Muthig, V., Hein, L., Bartlett, P., Weinshenker, D., & Vaidya, V.A. (2010). Alpha2-adrenoceptor blockade accelerates the neurogenic, neurotrophic, and behavioral effects of chronic antidepressant treatment. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 1096-1109.

Holsboer, F. (2008). How can we realize the promise of personalized antidepressant medicines? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 638-646.

Somatic treatments for depression (ECT, rTMS, deep brain stimulation):

Rosa, M.A. & Lisanby, S.H. (2012). Somatic treatments for mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 37, 102-116.

George, M.S. & Post, R.M. (2011). Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for acute treatment of medication-resistant depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 356-364.

Holtzheimer, P.E., Kelley, M.E., Gross, R.E., Filkowski, M.M., Garlow, S.J., Barrocas, A., Wint, D., Craighead, M.C., Kozarsky, J., Chismar, R., Moreines, J.L., Mewes, K., Riva Posse, P., Gutman, D.A., & Mayberg, H.S. (2012). Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 2012.

Lozano, A.M., Giacobbe, P., Hamani, C., Rizvi, S.J., Kennedy, S.H., Kolivakis, T.T., Debonnel, G., Sadikot, A.F., Lam, R.W., Howard, A.K., Ilcewicz-Klimek, M., Honey, C.R., & Mayberg, H.S. (2012). A multicenter pilot study of subcallosal cingulate area deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Neurosurgery, 116, 315-322.

Holtzheimer, P.E. & Mayberg, H.S. (2011). Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 34, 289-307.

Kennedy, S.H., Giacobbe, P., Rizvi, S.J., Placenza, F.M., Nishikawa, Y., Mayberg, H.S., & Lozano, A.M. (2011). Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: Follow-up after 3 to 6 years. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 502-510.

Lozano, A.M., Mayberg, H.S., Giacobbe, P., Hamani, C., Craddock, R.C., & Kennedy, S.H. (2008). Subcallosal cingulate gyrus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 461-467.

Greenberg, B.D., Malone, D.A., Friehs, G.M., Rezai, A.R., Kubu, C.S., Malloy, P.F., Salloway, S.P., Okun, M.S., Goodman, W.K., & Rasmussen, S.A. (2006). Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 2384-2393.

Schlaepfer, T.E., Cohen, M.X., Frick, C., Kosel, M., Brodesser, D., Axmacher, N., Joe, A.Y., Kreft, M., Lenartz, D., & Sturm, V. (2008). Deep brain stimulation to reward circuitry alleviates anhedonia in refractory major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 368-377.

Koch, G. (2010). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A tool for human cerebellar plasticity. Functional Neuroanatomy, 25, 159-163.

Optogenetic and virogenetic techniques:

Covington, H.E., Lobo, M.K., Maze, I., Vialou, V., Hyman, J.M., Zaman, S., LaPlant, Q., Mouzon, E., Ghose, S., Tamminga, C.A., Neve, R.L., Deisseroth, K., & Nestler, E.J. (2010). Antidepressant effect of optogenetic stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 16082-16090.

Deisseroth, K.. (2011). Optogenetics. Nature Methods, 8, 26-29.

Han, M.H. & Friedman, A.K. (2012). Virogenetic and optogenetic mechanisms to define potential therapeutic targets in psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology, 62, 89-100.

Effects of antidepressant medications on HPA-brain interactions:

Pariante, C.M. (2009). Risk factors for development of depression and psychosis: Glucocorticoid receptors and pituitary implications for treatment with antidepressant and glucocorticoids. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1179, 144-152.

Mason, B.L. & Pariante, C.M. (2006). The effects of antidepressants on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Drug News & Perspectives, 19, 603-608.

Pariante, C.M., Thomas, S.A., Lovestone, S., Makoff, A., & Kerwin, R.W. (2004). Do antidepressants regulate how cortisol affects the brain? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 423-447.

Functional reversal of life-long changes in stress sensitivity:

Francis, D.D., Diorio, J., Plotsky, P.M., & Meaney, M.J. (2002). Environmental enrichment reverses the effects of maternal separation on stress reactivity. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 7840-7843.

Bredy, T.W., Humpartzoomian, R.A., Cain, D.P., & Meaney, M.J. (2003). Partial reversal of the effect of maternal care on cognitive function through environmental enrichment. Neuroscience, 118, 571-576.

Kaffman, A. & Meaney, M.J. (2007). Neurodevelopmental sequelae of postnatal maternal care in rodents: Clinical and research implications of molecular insights. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 224-244.

Prediction of treatment response using biological data (early studies - this literature continues to grow):

Pizzagalli, D.A. (2011). Frontocingulate dysfunction in depression: Toward biomarkers of treatment response. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 36, 183-206.

Salvadore, G., Cornwell, B.R., Sambataro, F., Latov, D., Colon-Rosario, V., Carver, F., Holroyd, T., DiazGranados, N., Machado-Vieira, R., Grillon, C., Drevets, W.C., & Zarate, C.A. (2010). Anterior cingulate desynchronization and functional connectivity with the amygdala during a working memory task predict rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 1415-1422.

Salvadore, G., Cornwell, B.R., Colon-Rosario, V., Coppola, R., Grillon, C., Zarate, C.A., & Manji, H.K. (2009). Increased anterior cingulate cortical activity in response to fearful faces: A neurophysiological biomarker that predicts rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 289-295.

Young, E.A., Altemus, M., Lopez, J.F., Kocsis, J.H., Schatzberg, A.F., deBattista, C., & Zubieta, J.-K. (2004). HPA axis activation in major depression and response to fluoxetine: A pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 1198-1204.

Siegle, G.J., Carter, C.S., & Thase, M.E. (2006). Use of fMRI to predict recovery from unipolar depression with cognitive behavior therapy. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 735-738.

Davidson, R.J., Irwin, W., Anderle, M.J., & Kalin, N.H. (2003). The neural substrates of affective processing in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine. The American Journal of Psychiatry,160, 64-75.

Pizzagalli, D., Pascual-Marqui, R.D., Nitschke, J.B., Oakes, T.R., Larson, C.L., Abercrombie, H.C., Schaefer, S.M., Koger, J.V., Benca, R.M., & Davidson, R.J. (2001). Anterior cingulate activity as a predictor of degree of treatment response in major depression: Evidence from brain electrical tomography analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 405-415.

Mayberg, H.S., Brannan, S.K., Mahurin, R.K., Jerabek, P.A., Brickman, J.S., Tekell, J.L., Silva, J.A., McGinnis, S., Glass, T.G., Martin, C.C., & Fox, P.T. (1997). Cingulate function in depression: A potential predictor of treatment response. NeuroReport, 8, 1057-1061.

Class 5 Required Readings

March 1, Class 6: Developmental psychopathology (recommended readings)

Anxiety and depression in childhood and adolescence:

Miller, A. (2007). Social neuroscience of child and adolescent depression. Brain and Cognition, 65, 47-68.

Forbes, E.E. & Dahl, R.E. (2005). Neural systems of positive affect: Relevance to understanding child and adolescent depression? Development and Psychopathology, 17, 827-850.

Forbes, E.E., Hariri, A.R., Martin, S.L., Silk, J.S., Moyles, D.L., Fisher, P.M., Brown, S.M., Ryan, N.D., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D.A., & Dahl, R.E. (2009). Altered striatal activation predicting real-world positive affect in adolescent major depressive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 64-73.

Thomas, K.M., Drevets, W.C., Dahl, R.E., Ryan, N.D., Birmaher, B., Eccard, C.H., Axelson, D., Whalen, P.J., & Casey, B.J. (2001). Amygdala response to fearful faces in anxious and depressed children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 1057-1063.

Ernst, M., Pine, D.S., & Hardin, M. (2006). Triadic model of the neurobiology of motivated behavior in adolescence. Psychological Medicine, 36, 299-312.

McClure, E.B., Monk, C.S., Nelson, E.E., Parrish, J.M., Adler, A., Blair, R.J.R., Fromm, S., Charney, D.S., Leibenluft, E., Ernst, M., & Pine, D.S. (2007). Abnormal attention modulation of fear circuit function in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 97-106.

Monk, C.S., Telzer, E.H., Mogg, K., Bradley, B.P., Mai, X., Louro, H.M.C., Chen, G., McClure-Tone, E.B., Ernst, M., & Pine, D.S. (2008). Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation to masked angry faces in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 568-576.

Lau, J.Y.F., Goldman, D., Buzas, B., Fromm, S.J., Guyer, A.E., Hodgkinson, C., Monk, C.S., Nelson, E.E., Shen, P.-H., Pine, D.S., & Ernst, M. (2009). Amygdala function and 5-HTT gene variants in adolescent anxiety and major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 349-355.

McClure, E.B., Pope, K., Hoberman, A.J., Pine, D.S., & Leibenluft, E. (2003). Facial expression recognition in adolescents with mood and anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1172-1174.

Zahn-Waxler, C., Klimes-Doughan, B., & Slattery, M.J. (2000). Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 443-466.

Schwartz, C.E., Wright, C.I., Shin, L.M., Kagan, J., & Rauch, S.L. (2003). Inhibited and uninhibited infants "grown up": Adult amygdalar response to novelty. Science, 300, 1952-1953.
Supporting Online Material for C. Schwartz et al., 10.1126/science.1083703

Attention deficit disorder:

van Ewijk, H., Heslenfeld, D.J., Zwiers, M.P., Buitelaar, J.K., & Oosterlaan, J. (2012). Diffusion tensor imaging in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 1093-1106.

Scheres, A., Milham, M.P., Knutson, B., & Castellanos, F.X. (2007). Ventral striatal hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 720-724.

Krause, K., Dresel, S.H., Krause, J., la Fougere, C., & Ackenheil, M. (2003). The dopamine transporter and neuroimaging in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 27, 605-613.

Wilens, T.E., Biederman, J., & Spencer, T.J. (2002). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Annual Review of Medicine, 53, 113-131.

Mostofsky, S.H., Cooper, K.L., Kates, W.R., Denckla, M.B., & Kaufman, W.E. (2002). Smaller prefrontal and premotor volumes in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 785-794.

Autism:

Dalton, K.M., Nacewicz, B.M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H.S., Gernsbacher, M.A., Goldsmith, H.H., Alexander, A.L., & Davidson, R.J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 519-526.

Rutter, M. (2005). Aetiology of autism: Findings and questions. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 231-238.

Pregnancy and infancy:

Spinelli, S., Chefer, S., Suomi, S.J., Higley, J.D., Barr, C.S., & Stein, E. (2009). Early-life stress induces long-term morphologic changes in primate brain. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 658-665.

Coe, C.L., Kramer, M., Czeh, B., Gould, E., Reeves, A.J., Kirschbaum, C., & Fuchs, E. (2003). Prenatal stress diminishes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of juvenile rhesus monkeys. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 1025-1034.

DiPietro, J.A., Novak, M.F.S.X., Costigan, K.A., Atella, L.D., Reusing, S.P. (2006). Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy in relation to child development at age two. Child Development, 77, 573–587.

Parker, K.J., Buckmaster, C.L., Schatzberg, A.F., & Lyons, D.M. (2004). Prospective investigation of stress inoculation in young monkeys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 933-941.

Parker, K.J., Buckmaster, C.L., Sundlass, K., Schatzberg, A.F., & Lyons, D.M. (2006). Maternal mediation, stress inoculation, and the development of neuroendocrine stress resistance in primates. PNAS, 103, 3000-3005.

Pollak, S.D. (2008). Mechanisms linking early experience and the emergence of emotions: Illustrations from the study of maltreated children. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 370-375.

Fries, A.B., Ziegler, T.E., Kurian, J.R., Jacoris, S., & Pollak, S.D. (2005). Early experience in humans is associated with changes in neuropeptides critical for regulating social behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 17237-17240.

Pollak, S.D. & Kistler, D.J. (2002). Early experience is associated with the development of categorical representations for facial expressions of emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 9072-9076.

Pollak, S.D. & Sinha, P. (2002). Effects of early experience in children's recognition of facial displays of emotion. Developmental Psychology, 38, 784-791.

Buss, K.A., Malmstadt Schumacher, J.R., Dolski, I., Kalin, N.H., Goldsmith, H.H., & Davidson, R.J. (2003). Right frontal brain activity, cortisol, and withdrawal behavior in 6-month-old infants. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 11-20.

Class 6 Required Readings

March 8, Class 7: Biological perspectives on schizophrenia (Fabio Ferrarelli: guest lecturer) (recommended readings)

Goghari, V.M., Sponheim, S.R., & MacDonald, A.W., III. (2010). The functional neuroanatomy of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia: A qualitative and quantitative review of a persistent question. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 468-486.

Ross, C.A., Margolis, R.L., Reading, S.A.J., Pletnikov, M., & Coyle, J.T. (2006). Neurobiology of schizophrenia. Neuron, 52, 139-153.

Gottesman, I.I. & Gould, T.D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 636-645.

Ferrarelli, F., Huber, R., Peterson, M.J., Massimini, M., Murphy, M., Riedner, B.A., Watson, A., Bria, P., & Tononi, G. (2007). Reduced sleep spindle activity in schizophrenia patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 483-492.

Uhlhaas P.J. & Singer, W. (2010). Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 100-113.

Shi, J., Levinson, D.F., Duan, J., Sanders, A.R., Zheng, Y., Pe'er, I., Dudbridge, F., Holmans, P.A., Whittemore, A.S., Mowry, B.J., Olincy, A., Amin, F., Cloninger, C.R., Silverman, J.M., Buccola, N.G., Byerley, W.F., Black, D.W., Crowe, R.R., Oksenberg, J.R., Mirel, D.B., Kendler, K.S., Freedman, R., & Gejman, P.V. (2009). Common variants on chromosome 6p22.1 are associated with schizophrenia. Nature, 460, 753-757.

Purcell, S.M., Wray, N.R., Stone, J.L., Visscher, P.M., O'Donovan, M.C., Sullivan, P.F., & Sklar, P. (2009). Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature, 460, 748-752.

Stefansson, H., Ophoff, R.A., Steinberg, S., Andreassen, O.A., Cichon, S., Rujescu, D., Werge, T., Pietiläinen, O.P., Mors, O., Mortensen, P.B., Sigurdsson, E., Gustafsson, O., Nyegaard, M., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Ingason, A., Hansen, T., Suvisaari, J., Lonnqvist, J., Paunio, T., Børglum, A.D., Hartmann, A., Fink-Jensen, A., Nordentoft, M., Hougaard, D., Norgaard-Pedersen, B., Böttcher, Y., Olesen, J., Breuer, R., Möller, H.J., Giegling, I., Rasmussen, H.B., Timm, S., Mattheisen, M., Bitter, I., Réthelyi, J.M., Magnusdottir, B.B., Sigmundsson, T., Olason, P., Masson, G., Gulcher, J.R., Haraldsson, M., Fossdal, R., Thorgeirsson, T.E., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Ruggeri, M., Tosato, S., Franke, B., Strengman, E., Kiemeney, L.A., Genetic Risk and Outcome in Psychosis (GROUP), Melle, I., Djurovic, S., Abramova, L., Kaleda, V., Sanjuan, J., de Frutos, R., Bramon, E., Vassos, E., Fraser, G., Ettinger, U., Picchioni, M., Walker, N., Toulopoulou, T., Need, A.C., Ge, D., Yoon, J.L., Shianna, K.V., Freimer, N.B., Cantor, R.M., Murray, R., Kong, A., Golimbet, V., Carracedo, A., Arango, C., Costas, J., Jönsson, E.G., Terenius, L., Agartz, I., Petursson, H., Nöthen, M.M., Rietschel, M., Matthews, P.M., Muglia, P., Peltonen, L., St Clair, D., Goldstein, D.B., Stefansson, K., & Collier, D.A. (2009). Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature, 460, 744-747.

Ng, M.Y.M., Levinson, D.F., Faraone, S.V., Suarez, B.K., DeLisi, L.E., Arinami, T., Riley, B., Paunio, T., Pulver, A.E., Irmansyah, Holmans, P.A., Escamilla, M., Wildenauer, D.B., Williams, N.M., Laurent, C., Mowry, B.J., Brzustowicz, L.M., Maziade, M., Sklar, P., Garver, D.L., Abecasis, G.R., Lerer, B., Fallin, M.D., Gurling, H.M.D., Gejman, P.V., Lindholm, E., Moises, H.W., Byerley, W., Wijsman, E.M., Forabosco, P., Tsuang, M.T., Hwu, H.-G., Okazaki, Y., Kendler, K.S., Wormley, B., Fanous, A., Walsh, D., O'Neill, F.A., Peltonen, L., Nestadt, G., Lasseter, V.K., Liang, K.Y., Papadimitriou, G.M., Dikeos, D.G., Schwab, S.G., Owen, M.J., O'Donovan, M.C., Norton, N., Hare, E., Raventos, H., Nicolini, H., Albus, M., Maier, W., Nimgaonkar, V.L., Terenius, L., Mallet, J., Jay, M., Godard, S., Nertney, D., Alexander, M., Crowe, R.R., Silverman, J.M., Bassett, A.S., Roy, M.-A., Mérette, C., Pato, C.N., Pato, M.T., Louw Roos, J., Kohn, Y., Amann-Zalcenstein, D., Kalsi, G., McQuillin, A., Curtis, D., Brynjolfson, J., Sigmundsson, T., Petursson, H., Sanders, A.R., Duan, J., Jazin, E., Myles-Worsley, M., Karayiorgou, M., & Lewis, C.M. (2009). Meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide linkage studies of schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 774-785.

Holmans, P.A., Riley, B., Pulver, A.E., Owen, M.J., Wildenauer, D.B., Gejman, P.V., Mowry, B.J., Laurent, C., Kendler, K.S., Nestadt, G., Williams, N.M., Schwab, S.G., Sanders, A.R., Nertney, D., Mallet, J., Wormley, B., Lasseter, V.K., O'Donovan, M.C., Duan, J., Albus, M., Alexander, M., Godard, S., Ribble, R., Liang, K.Y., Norton, N., Maier, W., Papadimitriou, G., Walsh, D., Jay, M., O'Neill, A., Lerer, F.B., Dikeos, D., Crowe, R.R., Silverman, J.M., & Levinson, D.F. (2009). Genomewide linkage scan of schizophrenia in a large multicenter pedigree sample using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 786-795.

Kirov, G., Zaharieva, I., Georgieva, L., Moskvina, V., Nikolov, I., Cichon, S., Hillmer, A., Toncheva, D., Owen, M.J., & O'Donovan, M.C. (2009). A genome-wide association study in 574 schizophrenia trios using DNA pooling. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 796-803.

Kellendonk, C., Simpson, E.H., & Kandel, E.R. (2009). Modeling cognitive endophenotypes of schizophrenia in mice. Trends in Neurosciences, 32, 347-358.

Braff, D.L., Freedman, R., Schork, N.J., & Gottesman, I.I. (2007). Deconstructing schizophrenia: An overview of the use of endophenotypes in order to understand a complex disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 21-32.

Rasetti, R., Mattay, V.S., Wiedholz, L.M., Kolachana, B.S., Hariri, A.R., Callicott, J.H., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Weinberger, D.R. (2009). Evidence that altered amygdala activity in schizophrenia is related to clinical state and not genetic risk. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 216-225.

Tregellas, J. (2009). Connecting brain structure and function in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 134-136.

Lisman, J.E., Coyle, J.T., Green, R.W., Javitt, D.C., Benes, F.M., Heckers, S., & Grace, A.A. (2008). Circuit-based framework for understanding neurotransmitter and risk gene interactions in schizophrenia. Trends in Neurosciences, 31, 234-242.

Allen, P., Larøi, F., McGuire, P.K., & Aleman, A. (2008). The hallucinating brain: A review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 175-191.

Sei, Y., Ren-Patterson, R., Li, Z., Tunbridge, E.M., Egan, M.F., Kolachana, B.S., & Weinberger, D.R. (2007). Neuregulin1-induced cell migration is impaired in schizophrenia: Association with neureglin1 and catechol-o-methyltransferase gene polymorphisms. Molecular Psychiatry, 12, 946-957.

Carter, C.S. (2007). Some rewarding insights into the cognitive and neurobiological basis of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 709-710.

Good, short editorial describing the difficulty of dissecting the molecular underpinnings of schizophrenia:
Friedman, J.I. & Davis, K.L. (2006). Special Issue: Molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 527-529.

Theoretical models of schizohrenia incorporating recent findings (genetic, imaging, neurotransmitter, etc):
Stephan, K.E., Baldeweg, T., & Friston, K.J. (2006). Synaptic plasticity and dysconnection in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 929-939.

Recent journal issues with a focus on the neurobiology of schizophrenia:

Focus on the use of endophenotypes in schizophrenia, and recent findings:
Schizophrenia Bulletin (2007) v. 33(1), pp. 19-104

Reviews of neurotransmitter systems in schizophrenia (dopamine, glutamate, gaba, serotonin, etc.):
International Review of Neurobiology (2007) v. 78, pp.1-422

Older articles:

Callicott, J. H. (2003). An expanded role for functional neuroimaging in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 13, 256-260.

Sawa, A. & Snyder, S. H. (2002). Schizophrenia: Diverse approaches to a complex disease. Science, 26, 692-695.

Thaker, G. K. & Carpenter, W. T. (2001). Advances in schizophrenia. Nature Medicine, 7, 667-671.

Kuperberg, G. & Heckers, S. (2000). Schizophrenia and cognitive function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10, 205-210.

Class 7 Required Readings

March 15, Class 8: Synthesis and review (recommended readings)

Miresco, M.J. & Kirmayer, L.J. (2006). The persistence of mind-brain dualism in psychiatric reasoning about clinical scenarios. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 913-918.

Lent, R., Azevedo, F.A.C., Andrade-Moraes, C.H., & Pinto, A.V.O. (2012). How many neurons do you have? Some dogmas of quantitative neuroscience under revision. European Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 1-9.

Class 8 Required Reading


Biology of Psychopathology Seminar syllabus, Fall 2003

Biology of Psychopathology Seminar syllabus, Fall 2004

Biology of Psychopathology Seminar syllabus, Spring 2006

Biology of Psychopathology Seminar syllabus, Spring 2007

Biology of Psychopathology Seminar syllabus, Spring 2008

Biology of Psychopathology Seminar syllabus, Spring 2009

Biology of Psychopathology Seminar syllabus, Spring 2010

Biology of Psychopathology Seminar syllabus, Spring 2011

Reading Assignments
Dates:

January 26 , Class 1:
Psychopathology, adaption to the environment, and neuroplasticity

February 2 , Class 2:
Neuroanatomy of emotion, fear, and anxiety

February 9, Class 3:
Emerging treatments of anxiety

February 16, Class 4:
Neuroanatomy of depression and stress-related cognition

February 23, Class 5:
Emerging treatments of depression

March 1, Class 6:
Developmental psychopathology

March 8, Class 7:
Biological perspectives on schizophrenia (Fabio Ferrarelli: guest lecturer)

March 15, Class 8:
Synthesis and review


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